Copyright © 1995-98 NLThomas
All Rights Reserved

    Part I:
 
           Attempting to write a brief history or overview is difficult
   due to the complexities of history and culture.  It would be far easier
   to write a very lengthy book or a series of books.  Many books have
   been written which explain the trials and tribulations that the
   Cherokee both had inflicted upon them and have inflicted upon
   themselves.  Rather than writing an article, I will try to limit this
   to quotes from a few illustrative histories.  Nevertheless, this is a
   LONG posting. The sources quoted are listed at the end of this
   posting.  A selected bibliography including the major genealogies
   and sources follows in a separate posting.
 
   Genealogy
 
           To search for Cherokee Indian ancesters, it is most effective
   if you already have the people's names, dates, and places.  Obviously,
   that is easier said than done. So, a list of your family's
   names (as full as possible) with some type of date (even
   approximate) and a place (even approximate) of where they were
   makes searching the source documents easier (and faster).  Also
   if you have family stories that can be briefly outlined, they
   sometimes give clues.
 
           Keep in mind, that the Cherokee did not always use Anglo
   names.  Many of the Cherokee had a Anglo name, a
   nickname/use name, and a Cherokee name similtaneously.  On
   many of the official records, any of the above names might be
   used.  The Cherokee language names would frequently be
   phonetically spelled.  Also, any of the names could change
   entirely if a significant event to the person or his/her family
   occurred.  This is compounded by the dual cultures which the
   Cherokee lived in.  The traditional Cherokee culture was
   matrilineal and the acculturated Anglo-Cherokee culture was
   patrilineal.  Family relationships sometimes have different
   meanings depending if the person was referring to the person
   using a "Cherokee" perspective or "White" perspective. In the
   traditional Cherokee clan structure, everyone in the clan was
   immediate family.  Orphans were incorporated into other family
   groups within the clan without any special distinction from other
   children of that specific family group.
 
           Something to keep in mind, many times  family members
   claiming "Cherokee" Indian ancestry, actually may not know which
   Indian tribe, if any, the ancester was. Cherokees because they
   were "civilized"  and followed the Anglo ways, were a bit more
   acceptible socially than other "wild" Indian tribal groups.  If your
   ancestors were in areas other than Oklahoma, North Carolina,
   Tennessee, or Georgia, it may be that they were of another tribe.
 
           During the early part of this century, after the "wild"
   Indians had been stashed away on reservations, it became a bit
   more acceptable to claim Indian blood.  It didn't hurt that the
   Osage Indians (the only reservation Indians in Oklahoma) had struck
   oil and were becoming quite rich.  Still most, if they were claiming
   Indian blood, claimed Cherokee.
 
           Thomas Mooney, an expert on Cherokee research, says:
   "Your search should begin with the Final (Dawes) Rolls of the
   Cherokees, the Guion Miller Roll of the Eastern Cherokees, the
   Old Settler Payment Roll of 1896, and Emmet Starr's book, History
   of the Cherokee Indians.  It is my experience that failure to find
   your ancestor in any of these sources leaves almost no hope of
   locating your family on any Western Cherokee roll.  On the other
   hand, a successful search of these sources is a good indication
   that your family may be found on several other rolls."
   The citation for his guide follows:
 
     Exploring your Cherokee ancestry: a basic genealogical
     research guide / Thomas G. Mooney.  (Tahlequah, OK:
     Cherokee National Historical Society, 1987).
 
           If you plan to research Cherokee ancestry, I recommend
   purchasing the guide from the Cherokee Museum, Tahlequah, OK
   74464 (I can't remember the price but it wasn't too much, also this
   should be enough address to get there.)  This guide tells you how
   to research Cherokee ancestry and how to apply for certificate of
   degree of Indian blood, etc.  Bob Blankenship's guide on the
   Eastern Band and on the Western Cherokee, also gives the information
   on getting on to the Cherokee tribal rolls.
 
     Cherokee roots/Bob Blankenship. 2nd ed. (Cherokee, NC : Author,
     1992). Contents: v. 1. Eastern Cherokee rolls (includes: 1817
     Reservation Rolls, 1817-1835 Emigration Roll, 1835 Henderson Roll,
     1848 Mullay Roll, 1851 Siler Roll, 1852 Chapman Roll, 1869 Swetland
     Roll, 1883 Hester Roll, 1908 Churchill Roll, 1909 Guion Miller East,
     1924 Baker Roll, Enrollment procedures of Eastern Band -- v. 2.
     Western Cherokee rolls (includes: 1851 Old Settler Roll, 1852
     Drennen Roll by family name, 1898-1914 Combination Dawes and Guion
     Miller Rolls, Enrollment procedures of the Cherokee Nation.
 
           Thomas Mooney also recommends beginning your search
   using the most recent rolls and working your way back. (Sound
   familiar?)  Many of the later rolls cite an individual's entry on an
   earlier roll usually by the roll number.  Thus, one can sometimes
   find earlier entries inspite of the name problems.
 
           If your people do not show up in the recent rolls, my
   suggestion is to try to track ancestors in Anglo records until you
   have enough information about them to confirm or disprove your
   story.  (It makes me think of someone who told me, you have to
   know the information before you can find it!)
 
           When using the tribal rolls, one must keep in mind their
   limitations.  These records were usually intended to document
   some payment or other transaction between the government and
   tribe.  Most rolls cover a limited geographic area or a limited
   group of the tribe.  Also remember, the censuses and rolls
   frequently were associated with either loss of property or rights.
   If you had intruders in your country coming up and asking a lot of
   personal questions about your home and finances, and you knew
   these people couldn't be trusted to not use the information against
   you, would you answer truthfully, if at all?
 
           The Final rolls, or as they are also known, the Dawes
   Commission Rolls is the major census of the Western Cherokee
   which has been done in this century.  The indexes to it were
   published around the time of about 1906.  The bound index is
   a rather rare volume, but it has been reproduced on microfilm at
   the National Archives. Also Bob Blankenship's new edition has an
   index to the Dawes Rolls. The Final Rolls themselves are available
   from the National Archives on microfilm in three rolls.  The other
   20th century rolls are the Guion Miller Roll (on NA microfilm and
   indexed in Bob Blankenship's new edition), the Baker Roll of 1924
   (in Cherokee roots), the Churchill Roll of 1908 (in Cherokee roots),
   Council Roll of Eastern Band of Cherokee, 1907 (National Archives).
   The Guion Miller Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906, can be found
   on National Archives Microfilm Publication #M-1104, rolls, 1-348.
 
   Also, the National Archives at Ft.Worth has the "packets" which
   back up the Dawes Commission rolls. These packets consist of the
   transcripts of the interviews (very eye-opening!), any documentation
   required such as proof of marriages, births, and deaths.

        The Cherokee tribe is divided into two major groups, the
   Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and The Eastern Band of
   Cherokee Indians (North Carolina).  Cherokee Indian groups also
   settled in Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Mexico.
 
                   The Eastern Band of Cherokee ...
 
           "The Cherokee first came into contact with the white man
   (DeSoto in 1540), they claimed 135,000 square miles of territory
   covering parts of eight states; North Carolina, South Carolina,
   Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia and West
   Virginia.  By the end of the Revolution the Cherokees had lost
   about half of their land.  Between 1785 and 1835 the Cherokee
   lands has [sic] shrunk to a few million acres. By the treaty of New
   Echota in 1835, all lands east of the Mississippi were ceded to the
   Federal government. (Of the 40 treaties executed with the
   Cherokees, the Federal government chose to break each and
   every one.) Under Article 12 of this Treaty, as amended, provided
   that such Cherokees as were adverse to removal could become
   citizens and remain in the State of North Carolina (about 1,200)."
   (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
 
           "The status of those who remained in the state was
   anomalous.  Their connection with the main of the Cherokee Tribe
   which had removed to lands west of the Mississippi were severed.
   They became subject to the laws of the State of North Carolina
   while not admitted to the rights of citizenship.  any interest in the
   lands formerly held by the Tribe in North Carolina had become
   divested by the Treaty and even their rights to self-government
   had ended.  North Carolina later granted a charter to the
   Cherokees authorizing them to exercise limited powers of self-
   government." (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
 
           "Pressure to force removal of this remnant of Cherokees
   continued.  Funds due them were withheld by the United States
   Government unless they would remove to the Indian Territory or,
   would secure an act of the Legislature of Nroth Carolina permitting
   them to remain permanently within the State.  A statute was passed
   in 1866 granting this permission." (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
 
           "By the purchases of an agent, the Eastern Band of cherokee
   Indians had acquired the right to possession of a tract of land in
   North Carolina, and by the North Carolina Statute of 1866, they had
   acquired, with the approval of the United States Government,
   permission to remain in the State.  Many lawsuits followed and
   continued until the conveyance of title to lands of the Eastern Band
   as a corporation to the United States in 1925." (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
 
           "... To be considered a reservation, a land area would have to
   have been owned by the Government and set aside as a reserve
   for a specific use or purpose.  Lands of the Eastern Band of
   Cherokee Indians were never owned by the Federal Government,
   but, were purchased by the Indians and are held in trust as a
   corporation with the United States Government."  (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
   (I.e. there are no Cherokee reservations as such.  There are tribal
   lands.  Also, there are no Cherokee princesses!)
 
           "... The latest official enrollment was conducted in 1974.
   There were 8,381 enrolled members with 5,550 living on Eastern
   Band of Cherokee lands and 2,831 residing off Eastern Band of
   Cherokee Indians lands." (Blankenship, 1st ed.)
 
   And the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma ...
 
           The Cherokee began migrating West with the first of the
   treaties in the 1790s, and ended with the coming of a handful of
   North Carolina Cheokees during the 1880s.  The early settlers to
   the Arkansas-Oklahoma area fought the Osage for the land.
   Encouraged by William Lovely, a U.S. government agent, in 1816,
   the Osage, Quapaw, and Cherokee made a treaty.  The
   Cherokee-Osage conflict continued for over a decade after this
   treaty was made.  (Holm)
 
           "In the period 1819 to 1827 Cherokee leaders launched a
   program designed to forestall the Georgia legislature from taking
   action against their people. Nonetheless, several vicious attacks
   were made on the Cherokee poeple by the whites who referred to
   the Indian people as 'savage,' 'uncivilized' and lacking in the
   ability to assimilate into the mainstream society.  To counteract
   these attacks and to convince the United States government that
   the charges were untrue, the Cherokees threw open all previous
   barriers to missionaries desirous of converting them and teaching
   them the white ways.  ... In government the tribe established a
   court system, a legislative body, a permanent capitol and in 1827
   adopted a new constitution based on the *United States
   Constitution*"  (Holm)

   Part II:
 
           "... In his first annual message to the Congress delivered in
   1829, [Andrew] Jackson called for the removal of all Southeastern
   tribes to the lands across the Mississippi.    Within two weeks after
   Jackson had made his remarks, the Georgia legislature passed a
   series of oppressive laws aimed at driving all Indians from the
   state.  One statute provided for the annexation of a large tract of
   Cherokee land on which gold had been discovered and nullified
   Cherokee law within its limits.  Another law prohibited the
   Cherokee legislature from meeting and made any other Indian
   assembly illegal exept to discuss removal.  Other acts provided
   for the arrest of Cherokees who influenced their people to reject
   removal, made it illegal for an Indian to testify against a white man
   and voided all contracts made between Indians and whites unless
   witnessed by at least two white persons..."  (Holm)
 
           "Cherokee leaders Principal Chief John Ross, Major Ridge,
   John Ridge and Elias Boudinot were adamantly opposed to
   removal."  The Cherokee went to court to attempt to prove the
   Georgia legislature violated their sovereignty as a nation.  Chief
   Justice John Marshall denied the injunction.  "During the gold rush
   many [Cherokee] had been forcibly evicted from their homes by
   some of the worst elements of Georgia society..."  The Georgia
   guard sent to "protect" the Cherokee, attacked them and forced
   them from their homes.  The missionaires were arrested, and
   outrage upon outrage perpetrated on the people.  (Holm)
 
           On December 29, 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed
   by Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge.  Some have
   implied they accepted government bribes or were deceived into
   signing this final removal treaty.  Tom Holm states that, "More
   likely these leaders succumbed to the overwhelming white force
   ... Perhaps they believed they could sign the treaty, move to the
   West and be rid of the pressure put upon them by the white
   people."  (Holm)
 
           "The Principal Chief [John Ross] continued to protest the
   treaty, and ... Ross lobbied in Washington.  When Congress and
   the President had ratified the Treaty of New Echota, and it seemed
   that all was lost, he nevertheless continued bargaining and
   desperately tried to gain time.  Finally Ross simply complied with
   the majority Cherokee will and refused to move.  Reacting to the
   Cherokee actions, Jackson in 1836 sent troops to disarm and
   remove the Cherokees to the West and the nuna dat suhn'yi [Trail
   of Tears] had begun."  (Holm)
 
           "One estimate stated that about 4,000 Cherokees, or
   approximately one-fourth of the entire tribe east of the Mississippi
   River, died either in the stockades or along the trail to Indian
   Territory." (Holm)
 
           "... by the time the last groups had arrived in the Indian
   Territory, three distinct factions were formed among the Cherokee
   people: ... 'Old Settlers' was made up of those persons who had
   come before the 1830s; ... members of the Treaty party and early
   adherents to the Treaty of New Echota; and ... John Ross and
   those who came from the East during the 1838-1839 removal.
   Ross's followers were bitter and irreconcilably angered with the
   Treaty party ... " (Holm)
 
           "...June 22, 1839... three of the principle signers of the
   Treaty of New Echota were killed...John Ridge...Major Ridge...and
   Elias Boudinot.  The assassinations set off a frenzy of killings,
   beatings and lootings...Because of the discord a few Cherokees
   during the early 1840s sought to remove themselves either to
   Texas or Mexico.  The differences between the factions became
   so great that the United States government was asked at one point
   to treat each faction as a separate tribe... Finally an end to the
   strife came in 1846.  With United States agents acting as
   arbitrators, the factions signed an agreement which united them as
   one nation.  But the rift ran too deep to mend with a single paper,
   and fifteen years later the Cherokees would split again over the
   white man's Civil War. "  (Holm)
 
           The Civil War was very distructive with both factions heavily
   involved.   As southern planters, many of the mixed blood ruling
   class had slaves or advocated slavery.  But the primary issue was
   and continued to be, the New Echota treaty.
 
           "The agreements reached after the Civil War between the
   United States and the two separate delegations from the
   Cherokee Nation--one composed of the followers of [John] Ross
   and the other led by [General Stand] Watie--raised the question of
   the Eastern Band.  Completely impoverished by the war, even
   more so than the Cherokees West, they were not allowed to share
   in the payments made to the main body of Cherokee people. "
   (Holm)
 
           The Reconstruction continued the struggles with the United
   States Government and broken promises.  This is the period of
   U.S. history in which the U.S. Government went after permanent
   solutions to the "Indian" problem.  The Cherokee and the other
   Indian groups in the Indian Territory, were having increasing
   problems with the Anglo intruders and permitted workers into their
   lands.  This culminated with the dissolving of the reservations
   policy of the United States government.  With the Cherokee this
   took the form of the Dawes Commission.
 
           Angie Debo described the attitude among some of the
   fullbloods towards the 1906 Dawes Commission, "... They read
   their treaties and found them reassuring; thus they reasoned, the
   Dawes Commission had no lawful authority, and the United States
   would protect them from its illegal acts.  They hid from the
   enrollment parties and refused to select allotments.  When
   members of their tribes were employed to hunt them out and
   assist in making the selection, they regarded this as the ultimate
   betrayal; and they indignantly rejected the allotment certificates
   and land patents ..." (Debo)
 
           "The Cherokee irreconcilables threatened bodily harm to any
   tribal member who would give their names to the enrollment
   parties, and United States deputy marshals were then sent out to
   bring them in.  Redbird Smith described this experience. 'I was at
   home enjoying myself in peace when ... I and several other
   Indians were arrested and taken together to the Muskogee jail for
   standing up for our rights--my old treaty with the United States
   Government... On Saturday evening they put me in jail and then
   they kept me all night in jail and on Sunday morning they let me
   out, and then they took me to the commissioner's office and made
   me enroll against my will.' " (Debo)
 
           "... As late as 1912 nearly two thousand members of the
   Cherokee tribe alone refused to claim their allotments ...  The
   Dawes rolls total 101,506 names of men, women, and children
   [including newborn babies added later] ... The term grafter was
   universally applied to dealers in Indian lands and was frankly
   accepted by them.  For a generation they monopolized the best
   land, holding large tracts and leasing it to tenant farmers, who
   were as helpless as the Indians to break the system... Enterprising
   scouts gathered up the fullbloods, brought them in [to the
   Commission], and sold them to the highest bidders among the
   grafters at ten, twenty-five, or even thirty dollars a head.  The
   grafters then assisted them in making their selections and directed
   them to sign another paper, which always turned out to be a lease
   of their 'surplus' and usually carried an illegal contract to sell it
   as soon as it should become alienable... The grafters also added to
   their holdings the 'surplus' of the recalcitrants who refused to
   accept allotments; there was nobody to contest their possession."
   (Debo)
 
           "Allottees who made their selections without the assistance of
   grafters were also induced to sign leases carrying sales contracts.
   .. the shrinkage of Five Tribes holdings from 19,500,000 [1887] to
   slightly more thatn 1,500,000 acres by 1934 (and most of that
   worthless, twenty acres of cut-over timber required to support one
   cow)."  (Debo)
 
           There were and are many "Native Americans" who made little
   attempt to maintain their culture in face of the prejudices and
   discrimination of the Anglo population.  Until after the "wild Indian
   problem" was forcibly solved by the U.S. Government in the late
   1800's and after the Osage tribe became rich from petroleum
   found on their lands, being "Indian" was not something one
   advertised if possible. Many of the people who lived in and
   accepted the Anglo culture can be found ONLY in Anglo records.
   (Keep in mind that these statements *are* generalities and as
   such, aren't always true for each individual you may be searching
   for. Also there are many Anglos in Indian records as well.)
 
           Not everyone claiming Indian ancestry will be Indian by blood.
   Most Indian groups adopted children (and adults) from outside the
   tribe. Frequently these adopted citizens were "war" captives,
   kidnapped, or slaves. (Yes, some Indian groups including the
   Cherokee had slaves and the slave could be red, black, or white.)
   If the "captive" was assimulated into the tribe, he/she could have
   full rights, ranks, and privileges of citizenship.  Also intermarriage
   frequently was accompanied by citizenship. In the Choctaw, if an
   Anglo married a Choctaw, then married a second time to a Anglo,
   he/she would retain their Choctaw citizenship by marriage. And if
   they lived in the Cherokee Nation, they could be on the Cherokee
   rolls.
 
           When searching for people who could have Indian ancestry,
   something to keep in mind is, each Indian group has it's own
   unique problems in the record keeping. The Cherokee were one
   of the few groups in which there are a number of records
   available. But then the Cherokee and a few other groups were
   more likely to have been assimulated in the Anglo culture.  Most
   of the records available on various tribes were compiled by a
   "hostile" U.S. Government, missionaries and early anthropologist's
   who accepted their society's current values.  How much weight you
   can give these records is sometimes questionable.
 
           Tom Holm on pp. 75-76 accompanying his article produces an
   excellent suggested reading list on the Cherokee.  I also strongly
   recommend reading Angie Debo's A History of the Indians of the United
   States and her book, And still the waters run.
 
   A brief description of the Cherokee culture...
 
           'When the English first came to America, a large tribe of
   Indians, calling themselves the Ke-too-wha, occupied the South
   Eastern portion of North Ameria ... They have always considered
   themselves the largest and most powerful Tribe on the Eastern
   side of the Continent, and have been so acknowledged by the
   other Tribes... The Cherokee Tribe was divided into seven Clans,
   or, Families ... The marriage of persons belonging to the same
   Clan, and of the father's Clan was strictly forbidden; and also
   marriage was prohibited between relatives by blood.  Capital
   punishment was the penalty for breaking this Law... The mother
   was the Head of the Family, and the children were called by the
   name of her Clan...The Cherokees believed in one God, ... They
   believed in Familiar Spirits, Witch-craft and Conjurers... Conjurors
   were doctors who, besides curing deseases (sic), were thought to
   have power to counteract the evil doings of Witches ... "
   (Wahnenauhi)
 
           This was written by Wah-ne-nau-hi whose English name was
   Mrs. Lucy Lowery Hoyt Keys.  She was graduate of the first class to
   graduate from the Cherokee National Female Seminary at Park
   Hill [near Tahlequah, OK] (Hall).   She was the granddaugther of
   Major George Lowery (1770?-1852, who served many years as
   Assistant Principal Chief and fought in the War of 1812). Her
   paternal grandfather was the Connecticut-born Rev. Ard Hoyt
   (1770-1829), superintendent of Brainerd Mission from 1818 -1824.
   Her father, Dr. Milo Hoyt, was also a missionary, as were two of her
   brothers-in-law, Rev. Amory Nelson Chamberlin (1821-1894), Rev.
   Hamilton Balentine, and Rev. James Ward (Kilpatrick, Hall). Her
   manuscript was sent to the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1889,
   the Bureau published it in their Bulletin 196.
 
           Jack Frederick Kilpatrick in his introduction gives this
   insight to Wah-ne-nau-hi. "In Wahnenauhi's day her planter class of
   mixbloods--wealthy, educated, and receptive to all the Victorian
   attitudes of the corresponding stratum in Southern White society--
   was set apart from its full-blood tribesmen by formidable barriers.
   English was its first language, evangelical Christianity its religion,
   and acculturation its code.  The suprising thing is not how much of
   the old Cherokee culture Wahnenauhi and those of her social
   class had forgotten, but how much of it they remembered.   The
   Christian missionaries--for the most part men of great force and
   sagacity--swiftly drove most of the aboriginal culture underground;
   the ruling mixblood class, engaged in a desperate sturggle for
   national survival, in the belief that its cause was strengthened in
   direct ratio to rate of acculturation, seconded missionary efforts
   with fervor. " (Wahnenauhi)
 
   Sources of quotes:
 
   Bell, George Morrison, Sr. Genealogy of "Old & new Cherokee
     Indian families" 1st ed. (Bartlesville, OK : Author, 1972, LC 78-
     189676).
   Blankenship, Bob. Cherokee roots. [1st ed.] (Cherokee, NC : Author,
     1978). [Note, he came out with a new ed. 1992]
   Debo, Angie.  A history of the Indians of the United States. [1st
     ed.]. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
     Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 106. LC
     73-108802).
   Hall, Ted Byron. Oklahoma, Indian Territory.  (Ft. Worth, TX :
     American Reference Pub., 1971).
   Holm, Tom. "Cherokee colonization in Oklahoma." In: America's
     exiles : Indian colonization in Oklahoma / Arrell Morgan
     Gibson.  (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society,
     1976. Series: The Oklahoma series, vol. III. LC 76-11417): p.
     60-76.
   Wahnenauhi. "The Wahnenauhi manuscript : historical sketches of
     the Cherokees, together with some of their customs, traditions,
     and superstitions" /  [Wah-ne-nau-hi (Mrs. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt
     Keys)] ; edited by Jack Frederick Kilpatrick.  Smithsonian
     Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 196,
     Anthropological papers, no. 77, p. 175-[217?];  photocopy in
     files from copy at McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa. (Spec.
     Coll.).

    This has been compiled as a selective bibilography  for
   genealogists researching Cherokee ancestry.  Thus a few general
   guides on Native American research are included as well as
   specific guides to Cherokee research.  Many of the techniques for
   searching are common to genealogical research in geneal and
   are also common to research on other Native American tribes.  I
   have included a section on history.  The Oklahoma, Georgia,
   Tennessee, North Carolina,  and Indian Territory history and
   genealogy are also intertwined with the Cherokee Indian history.
 
       As most genealogists doing Cherokee research will need to
   borrow (or purchase) the materials used, I have made an effort to
   try not to include rare or hard to get materials.   If you plan to
   borrow the materials through Interlibrary Loan, many of these
   materials are special collections materials at the University of
   Oklahoma Libraries and University of Tulsa Libraries.  I suggest
   checking the online catalogs through Internet for circulating
   materials before requesting your library to order them from
   either of these two libraries.  If you wish to purchase, Mary
   O'Brien Bookshop, 2313 East Admiral Blvd., Tulsa, OK 74110,
   (918) 587-9338, accepts mail order requests.  I will also supply
   the addresses which are in my files to anyone requesting.
 
           General guides and bibliography.
 
   Cherokee roots / Bob Blankenship. 2nd ed. (Cherokee, NC : Author,
     1992, 2 v.). Contents: v. 1. Eastern Cherokee rolls (includes
     1817 Reservation Rolls, 1817-1835 Emigration Roll, 1835 Henderson
     Roll, 1848 Mullay Roll, 1851 Siler Roll, 1852 Chapman Roll, 1869
     Swetland Roll, 1883 Hester Roll, 1908 Churchill Roll, 1909 Guion
     Miller East, 1924 Baker Roll, Enrollment procedures of Eastern
     Band -- v. 2. 1851 Old Settler Roll, 1852 Drennen Roll by family
     name, 1898-1914 combination Dawes and Guion Miller Rolls, Enrollment
     procedures of the Cherokee Nation.
   The Cherokees : a critical bibliography. / Raymond D. Fogelson.
     (Bloomington, Published for the Newberry Library [by] Indiana
     University Press, 1978. Series: Bibliographical series
     (Newberry Library. Center for the History of the American
     Indian).
   Exploring your Cherokee ancestry : a basic genealogical
     research guide. / Thomas G. Mooney. (Tahlequah, OK :
     Cherokee National Historical Society, 1987).
   The Five Civilized Tribes : a bibliography / Mary Huffman.
     (Oklahoma City, OK : Library Resources Division, Oklahoma
     Historical Society, 1991).
   Guide to records in the National Archives of the United States
     relating to American Indians. / Edward E. Hill. (Washington,
     D.C., National Archives and Records Service, General
     Services Administration, For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S.
     G.P.O., [1982]). (Doc GS 4.6/2:Am 3). (The rental program
     edition is under the title: American Indians, and it also maybe
     a revised edition.)
   Guide to the historical records of Oklahoma / Bradford Koplowitz.
     (Bowie, MD : Heritage Books, 1990).
   Oklahoma history : a bibliography / Mary Huffman, Brian Basore.
     (Oklahoma City, OK : Library Resources Division, Oklahoma
     Historical Society, 1991).
   Our native Americans and their records of genealogical value / E.
     Kay Kirkham. (Logan, Utah : Everton Publishers, 1980-1984.
     LC 81-128028; 2 v.).  Contents: v. 1. Federal Government
     records, Oklahoma Historical Society records, Genealogical
     Society of Utah listings -- v. 2. [without special title] [Using
     this book with the National Archives catalog on American Indians,
     will give you citations for most of the major sources of Indian
     records.]

           Genealogy
 
   Genealogy of "Old & new Cherokee Indian families" / by George
     Morrison Bell, Sr. 1st ed. (Bartlesville, OK : Author, 1972, LC
     78-189676).
   History of the Cherokee Indians and their legends and folk lore /
     Emmett Starr. (Oklahoma City, OK : The Warden Co., 1921;
     reprinted by:  New York : Kraus, 1969).
   Oklahoma, Indian Territory / Ted Byron Hall.  (Ft. Worth, TX :
     American Reference Pub., 1971). Includes advertisement for
     book.; Index to families in Oklahoma, Indian Territory written
     by Ted Hall / Index prepared by Melodie Sanders, Dec. 6,
     1988.  [Note this is more Choctaw than Cherokee Indians].
   Old Cherokee families : "Old families and their genealogy" :
     reprinted from History of the Cherokee Indians and their
     legends and folk lore / Emmet Starr ; with a comprehensive
     index compiled by J.J. Hill. (Norman, OK : University of
     Oklahoma Foundation, 1968. Emmet Starr's original edition
     was published in 1921).
 
          Censuses, rolls, claims, newspapers, journals, and indexes.

   1842 Cherokee claims: Saline District / Marybelle W. Chase. (Tulsa, OK
     : Author, 1988).
   1842 Cherokee claims: Tahlequah District / Marybelle W. Chase. (Tulsa,
     OK : Author 1989). [Note Marybelle Chase has compiled at least 4-5
     more Cherokee Nation districts.]
   1880 and 1890 census, Canadian District, Cherokee Nation, Indian
     Territory. / transcribed by Sharron Standifer Ashton.
     (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1978.
     Series: Special publication (Oklahoma Genealogical Society),
     no. 5.).
   Cherokee advocate [microform]. Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 26, 1844)-
     (March 3, 1906). Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, s.n. Weekly. In
     English and Cherokee (in Cherokee syllabary). Issued with:
     Cherokee messenger (Aug. 1844-May 1846); Cherokee
     almanac (1840, 1847, 1855, 1860); Choctaw Baptist hymn
     book; Choctaw intelligencer (Oct. 15, 1851). Contents: Reel 1.
     May 1, 1845-June 27, 1877 -- Reel 2. July 4, 1877-June 29,
     1883 -- Reel 3. July 6, 1883-Dec. 21, 1901 -- Reel 4. Jan. 4,
     1902-March 3, 1906.  Suspended publication Sept. 28, 1853-
     April 22, 1870; Jan. 1875-March 4, 1876.  Microform.
     Oklahoma City, Oklahoma State Historical Society. 4 microfilm
     reels ; 35 mm.).
   Cherokee by blood : records of Eastern Cherokee ancestry in the
     U.S. Court of Claims, 1906-1910 / Jerry Wright Jordon. v.1-<8>.
     (Bowie, MD : Heritage Books, 1987).  v. 1. Applications 1-
     1500 -- v. 2. Applications [?] -- v. 3. Applications [?] --
     v. 4. Applications [?] -- v. 5. Applications [?] -- v. 6.
     Applications [?] -- v. 7. Applications [?] -- v. 8. Applications
     20101 to 23800. Cited in: Genealogical helper 41:6 (Nov-Dec 1987):
     181 ad; 41:5 (Sep-Oct 1987):158 review.
   Cherokee emigration rolls, 1817-1835. / transcribed by Jack D.
     Baker. (Oklahoma City, OK : Baker Pub. Co., 1977).
   Cherokee Nation 1890 census : index of persons living under permit
     in the Cooweescoowee and Delaware Districts / Rosalie Wagner.
     (Vinita, OK : Northeastern Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1986).
   Cherokee Nation births and deaths, 1884-1901 : abstracted from
     Indian Chieftain and Daily Chieftain newspapers / by Dixie
     Bogle. (Vinita, OK : Northeast Oklahoma Genealogical
     Society,  1980).
   Cherokee Nation marriages, 1884-1901 : abstracted from Indian
     Chieftain and Daily Chieftain newspapers / by Dixie Bogle and
     Dorothy Nix. (Vinita, OK : Abraham Coryell Chapter NSDAR,
     [1980?]).
   Cherokee reservees / David Keith Hampton. (Oklahoma City, OK :
     Baker Pub. Co., 1979); copy at McFarlin Library, University of
     Tulsa. (E99.C5H23 1979).
   The Cherokee tracer. v. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1991)-    (Tulsa, OK :
     Marybelle W. Chase, editor and publisher, 1991-  Quarterly.).
   The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 1 (Jan 1921)- (Oklahoma City, OK :
     Oklahoma Historical Society, Quarterly.)
   Final rolls of citizens and freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in
     Indian Territory [microform], (as approved by the Secretary of
     the Interior on or before March 4, 1907, with supplements
     dated September 25, 1914) / United States. Commission to
     the Five Civilized Tribes. (Washington, DC : National Archives,
     1961. 3 reels. 35 mm. Series: National Archives microfilm
     publications, T529). Contents: Reel 1. Choctaw and Chickasaw
     rolls -- Reel 2. Cherokee rolls -- Reel 3. Creek and Seminole
     rolls. [Dawes Commission rolls]
   Genealogical data extracted from "Muskogee weekly phoenix"
     Indian Territory / compiled by Sheri Siebold. (Muskogee, OK :
     Muskogee County Genealogical Society, 1985). Contents:
     v.1. 1888-1892.
   Index to marriages, First United States Court Northern District,
     Muskogee, Indian Territory, 1890-1907. (Oklahoma City, OK :
     Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1980, Series: Special
     publication (Oklahoma Genealogical Society) no. 6; LC 83-
     150507).  v. 1. Marriage Books A, B, B-1, C (5 Jul 1890 - 19
     Sep 1894) with abstracts of some marriages and divorces
     from inventory of Creek and Cherokee National Records,
     1869-1894.
   Index to Payment Roll for Old Settler Cherokee, 1896 / transcribed
     by Marybelle W. Chase.  (Tulsa, OK : Author, 1989).
   Index to The Cherokee advocate.  (Little Rock, AR : American
     Native Press Archives, University of Arkansas at Little Rock,
     1987); books in files (2nd-3rd ser.).  Contents: 2nd series
     (1870-1875) -- 3rd series v. 1-3 (1 Mar 1876 - 26 Mar 1879).
   Index to the final rolls of citizens and freedmen of the Five
     Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [microform]. / The
     Commission and Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes
     and approved by the Secretary of the Interior on or prior to
     March 4, 1907. (Muskogee, OK : Phoenix Print. Co., [1907?].
     Microfilm. [S.l., s.n., n.d.]. 1 microfilm reel : negative ; 35
     mm.). [If memory serves me, this is National Archives film.]
   The intruders : the illegal residents of the Cherokee Nation, 1866-
     1907 / Nancy Hope Sober.  (Ponca City, OK : Cherokee
     Books, 1991. LC 90-84850).
   Journal of Cherokee studies. Vol. 1 (summer 1976)-. ([Cherokee,
     N.C.], Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Quarterly).
   Oklahoma Genealogical Society quarterly. v.6, no.1 (Mar 1961)-
     (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society).
   Probate records ... Northern District Cherokee Nation / Orpha
     Jewell Wever ; indexed by Rosalie Wagner. (Vinita, OK : Northeast
     Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1982-<1983>).  Contents: v. 1.
     1892-1904 -- v. 2. 1904-1908.
   Those who cried, the 16,000, a record of the individual Cherokees
     listed in the United States official census of the Cherokee
     Nation conducted in 1835 / James W. Tyner. ([Norman, OK] :
     Chi-ga-u Inc., 1974).
   Tulsa annuals. v. 1 (Sep 1966)-  (Tulsa, OK : Tulsa Genealogical
     Society. Three times a year.).
 
            History
 
   Advancing the frontier, 1830-1860 / Grant Foreman. (Norman, OK :
     University of Oklahoma Press, 1933).
   America's exiles : Indian colonization in Oklahoma / Arrell Morgan
     Gibson.  (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical Society,
     1976. Series: The Oklahoma series, vol. III. LC 76-11417).
   And still the waters run / Angie Debo. (Princeton, NJ : Princeton
     University Press, 1940; reprint in 1984: Norman, OK : University
     of Oklahoma Press).
   Cherokee cavaliers, forty years of Cherokee history as told in the
     correspondence of the Ridge-Watie-Boudinot family / Edward
     Everett Dale & Gaston Litton. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University
     of Oklahoma Press, 1939). Series: Civilization of the American
     Indian series, v. 19).
   The Cherokee crown of Tannassy. / William O. Steele. (Winston-
     Salem, N.C. : J. F. Blair Publisher, 1977).
   The Cherokee Indians and those who came after : notes for a
     history of Cherokee County, North Carolina, 1835-1860 /
     Nathaniel C. Browder.  [New ed.]. (Hayesville, NC : Browder,
     1973 i.e. 1974.  LC 74-25553).
   Cherokee Nation of Indians / Charles C. Royce. (Chicago, IL :
     Aldine Pub. Co., 1975. Series: Native American Library; A
     Smithsonian Institution Press Book. LC75-20708).
   Cherokee removal, before and after / William L. Anderson.
     (Athens, GA : University of Georgia Press, 1991).
   Cherokee tragedy : the Ridge family and the decimation of a
     people / Thurman Wilkins. 2nd ed., rev. (Norman, OK :
     University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. Series: Civilization of the
     American Indian series, v. 169. LC 85-20260).
   The Cherokees / Grace Steele Woodward. [1st ed.]. (Norman, OK
     : University of Oklahoma Press, [1963], Series: Civilization of
     the American Indian series, v. 65. LC 63-8986).
   Cherokees : an illustrated history / Billy M. Jones and Odie B.
     Faulk.  (Muskogee, OK : The Five Civilized Tribes Museum,
     1984).
   Chief Bowles and the Texas Cherokees / Mary Whatley Clarke. 1st
     ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. Series:
     Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 113).
   The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819-1900. / John R. Finger.
     (Knoxville, TN : University of Tennessee Press, 1984. LC 83-
     10284).
   The Five Civilized Tribes : Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw,
     Creek, Seminole / Grant Foreman. 1st ed. (Norman, OK :
     University of Oklahoma Press, 1934. Series: Civilization of the
     American Indian series, v. 8).
   Hard times in Oklahoma : the Depression years / Kenneth E.
     Hendrickson, Jr. (Oklahoma City, OK : Oklahoma Historical
     Society, 1983. Series: The Oklahoma Series. LC 83-060262).
   A history of the Indians of the United States / Angie Debo. [1st ed.].
     (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Series:
     Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 106. LC 73-
     108802).
   Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred formulas of the Cherokees /
     James Mooney.  (Nashville, TN : Charles Elder, Bookseller,
     1972. Reprint of 19th and 7th annual reports of Bureau of
     American Ethnology).
   New Echota letters / Jack Frederick Kilpatrick and Anna Gritts
     Kilpatrick. (Dallas, TX : Southern Methodist University Press,
     1968. Selections from the newspaper Cherokee phoenix,
     1828-33, including contributions of S. A. Worcester and the
     newspaper's editor, E. Boudinot).
   Old frontiers, the story of the Cherokee Indians from earliest times
     to the date of their removal to the West, 1838 / John P. Brown.
     (Kingsport, TN : Southern Publishers, 1938).
   The papers of Chief John Ross / edited and with an introduction by
     Gary E. Moulton. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press,
     1985. 2 v.). Contents: v. 1. 1807-1839 -- v. 2. 1840-1866.
   A political history of the Cherokee Nation, 1838-1907 / Morris L.
     Wardell. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press,
     1938. Series: Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 17).
   Red over Black, Black slavery among the Cherokee Indians / R.
     Halliburton, Jr. (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press, 1977.
     Series: Contributions in Afro-American and African studies, no. 27).
   The removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia, 1827-1841 /
     Wilson Lumpkin. (New York, A. M. Kelley, 1971. 2 v. in 1.
     Reprint of the 1907 ed.).
   The Texas Cherokees, a people between two fires, 1819-1840 /
     Dianna Everett. 1st ed. (Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma
     Press, 1990. Series: The Civilization of the American Indian
     series, v. 203.
   Trail of tears, the rise and fall of the Cherokee nation. / John Ehle.
     1st ed. (New York : Doubleday, 1988).
   "The Wahnenauhi manuscript : historical sketches of the
     Cherokees, together with some of their customs, traditions,
     and superstitions" /  [Wah-ne-nau-hi (Mrs. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt
     Keys)] ; edited by Jack Frederick Kilpatrick.  Smithsonian
     Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 196,
     Anthropological papers, no. 77, p. 175-[217?].